Ear canal infections: what they are and what to do

Ear canal infections (often called otitis externa or "swimmer's ear") happen when the skin lining the ear canal gets irritated and infected. That skin is thin and sensitive, so water, scratching, allergens, or skin conditions like eczema can let bacteria or fungi take hold. The result: pain, itch, and sometimes discharge or temporary hearing trouble.

Symptoms & when to see a doctor

What clues tell you it's an ear canal infection? The most common signs are sharp or throbbing pain, itching inside the ear, fluid or pus leaking out, and a feeling of fullness or muffled hearing. Pain often gets worse when you pull the outer ear or chew. If you have fever, severe pain, swelling that spreads beyond the ear, sudden hearing loss, or diabetes or a weakened immune system, call a doctor fast—these can mean a more serious infection.

Minor infections can feel bad but usually stay local. If symptoms don’t start improving within 48–72 hours of home care, or if they get worse, you should get medical attention. A clinician will look into the ear and may prescribe antibiotic or antifungal ear drops, and sometimes an oral antibiotic for deep or spreading infections.

Quick home care and prevention

When the infection is mild, try these practical steps: keep the ear dry, rest, and use an over-the-counter pain reliever like ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain. A warm compress against the outside of the ear can reduce discomfort. Don’t put cotton swabs or fingers inside the ear — that can damage skin and push debris deeper.

To prevent ear canal infections, dry your ears after swimming or showering. Tilt your head and gently towel-dry the outer ear; you can also use a hair dryer on low and held well away from the ear. If you swim a lot, ask your doctor about a homemade drying mix (equal parts white vinegar and rubbing alcohol) to use briefly after swimming—this can help prevent bacterial growth by drying and mildly acidifying the ear canal. Protect ears from irritation: avoid inserting objects, manage eczema or dermatitis near the ear, and quit poking at scabs or crusts.

Certain people need extra caution. Swimmers, people who use hearing aids, and those with diabetes or immune problems get infections more often. If you wear hearing aids or earplugs, keep them clean and let the ear dry between uses.

Most ear canal infections clear quickly with proper care. If you’re unsure whether it’s an infection or if symptoms are severe, it’s better to get checked. Quick action helps avoid complications and gets you back to normal hearing and comfort faster.